Acidified seawater increases accumulation of cobalt but not cesium in manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum

Abstract

The pH of seawater around the world is expected to continue its decline in the near future in response to ocean acidification that is driven by heightened atmospheric CO2 emissions. Concomitantly, economically-important molluscs that live in coastal waters including estuaries and embayrnents, may be exposed to a wide assortment of contaminants, including trace metals and radionuclides. Seawater acidification may alter both the chemical speciation of select elements as well as the physiology of organisms, and may thus pose at risk to many shellfish species, including the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The bioconcentration efficiency of two common radionuclides associated with the nuclear fuel cycle, Cs-134 and Co-57, were investigated by exposing live clams to dissolved Cs-134 and Co-57 at control (pH = 8.1) and two lowered pH (pH = 7.8 and 7.5) levels using controlled aquaria. The uptake and depuration kinetics of the two radionuclides in the whole-body clam were followed for 21 and 35 days, respectively. At steady-state equilibrium, the concentration factor (CFss) for Co-57 increased as the pH decreased (i.e. 130 +/- 5, 194 +/- 6, and 258 +/- 10 at pH levels 8.1, 7.8 and 7.5, respectively), whereas the Cs-134 uptake was not influenced by a change in pH conditions. During depuration, the lowest depuration rate constant of Co-57 by the manila clam was observed at the intermediate pH of 7.8. An increase in the accumulation of Co-57 at the intermediate pH value was thought to be caused mainly by the aragonitic shell of the clam, as well as the low salinity and alkalinity of seawater used in the experiment. Considering that accumulation consists of uptake and depuration, among the three pH conditions moderately acidified seawater enhanced most the accumulation of Co-57. Accumulation of Cs-134 was not strongly influenced by a reduced pH condition, as represented by an analogous uptake constant rate and CFss in each treatment. Such results suggest that future seawater pH values that are projected to be lower in the next decades, may pose a risk for calcium-bearing organisms such as shellfish.